The history of colonization of America unfolds a similar story the America Indian and white contacts follow a long bloody line of negotiations with the aim of every white who lands on the new continent was to wrest its resources from the original inhabitants in the initial period the military unguents were not effective but a number of treaties totalling up to nearly from hundred were singed with the tribal chiefs and ultimately each was broken to establish a forced domination over land even the semblance of some sort of civilized negotiation was discarded after the civil war Food, clothing and shelter were destroyed, animals were seized and land was devastated learning the Indian with the option of either surrendering or staring the ecological effects of these wars was devastating the buffaloes of the plains which was essential for Indian survival was almost totally and deliberately eliminated an estimated 13 millions bison’s existed on the plains in 1867, by 1883, only 200 were left The policy was one of clean extermination and control of resources it was backed by racist ideology and nearly non-human view of the Indians the dominant social Darwinism advocated by so called savage races were anyway deemed to extinction.
The concentrated genocide still left behind some servings Indian population the government took the option out by putting them into reservations of land earmarked only for there are such territories obviously were the most unwanted ones the creation of reservation took away all political making activities from these people.
They were made totally dependant and subservient on the state the government by 1865, negotiated with the protestant missionaries to educate the Indian in English language to make them Christians and teach them the agricultural out that is having completely was made to rerocialize them as white Americans all things Indian were totally for hidden After 1880, the public opinion became oriented to assimilation of Indian into mainstream American life to make “yankee farmers “ out of them with this in view the Daws act was formulated in 1887, according to which reservation land was to be broken into each family of the native Indian. Citizenship right were first granted in 1901 to fire civilized tribes of ohcahama and by 1924 extended to all tribes till 1940, however seven states did not grant right of franchise to Indians The reorganization but called for the return to tribal ownership of all surplus lands not yet leaders the formation of an Indian civil service self- determination of tribal governments on reservation and the guarantee of the exercise of religious freedom and the use of Indian language the majority of American Indian viewed this act as pluralistic and opposed it thus the American Indian were made to vacillate between assimilation and pluralism. The Canadian tribes such as the cree Indians have through their traditional made of substance hunting have established an economic viability through the fun trade are stating claim to the back to homeland movement along with this a concentrated move against government or outside encroachments on indigenous resources The red power movement composed largely of educated Indian was aimed towards a pluralistic society under a successful protest from the American Indian movement the government had to concede to the extent of raising the bureau of Indian Affairs budget from 20 million to 593 million the success of this event made 150 Indian in war paint to take over the village of wounded knee the demand was a return of the Dakotas Montanans and Nebraska to the Indians. The government put up a resistance and took recourse to military interventions, but taking care not to involve a loss of life. However, the government is increasingly becoming conscious of the civil rights movement.
Conclusion:
From the above account it becomes clear that the tribal policies have always been conditioned by the tribe and non – tribe contact situation and have changed or modified only according to the charging demands of the is equation. From the non – tribal side, whether they have been white colonists usurping native territories or indigenous ethnic population forming nation states, the dominance has always been to establish a control over coveted resources quite often conflict and a necessary demonstration of force has been necessary because the acquisition of courted resources may clash with he interests of native group, not because both want he same things but because impossible to obtain in a complementary fashion.
The European colonisation its accompanied brutality accepted European superiority as the national order of things. In Russia, Russian superiority has been advocated ideologically in the interests of the global spread of socialism. China and other so called ethically pluralistic societies have perpetuated dominations in he name of national interest whenever the relationship has been of equality or perceived equality, direct conflict has occurred as in Iran and in the initial phase of colonisation of Africa, America and Australia.
The last phase in historical terms or rather the current phase is an increasing tendency for the dominated groups to reassert themselves. The move is, by and large, to reclaim their lost assets and to come to a relationship of equality with the dominant group. In political terms this would mean that many such
populations would want to succeed from the mother Nation. To what extent self – determination by tribal and minority groups, endanger the very existence of Nation states, is the crucial question, as an equitable global distribution of resources is not possible with the existing structure of Nation and the capital system. Ethically and morally one should stand-up for policies of self – determination.